Fish is the first group Placoderm jawed vertebrates, and aquatic ecosystems dominate between 430 and 360 million years ago.
This ancient fish has a layer of skin like a cloak / armor as a protector (placoderm = "leather armor"). Placoderm largest ever found is called the "Dunkleosteus Terrelli" with a length of 33 feet (10 m) and weighs 4 tons. This fish is sure to be the greatest predator in the ocean.
Currently, biologists make the biomechanical reconstruction of the jaw muscles of this fish, to prove that these creatures have the most powerful bite of any fish ever, surpassing the largest shark and crocodile or dinosaur extinction rivaling Tyranosaurus.
Scientists calculate the bite force of the jaws of these fish for 11,000 pounds (5.500kg / 5.5 tons!), This power is enough to destroy the skin and hardest bones in the ocean. Dunkleosteus jaw has a row of sharp teeth that will certainly add strength to bite, once measured, the pressure at each end of the jaws has a strength of more than 80,000 pounds (40.000Kg / 40 tons!) Per square inch.
Biomechanical model of the fish's mouth illustrates that it has a skull that is very easy to control because it has a unique mechanism in four rotational joints, this is the secret behind a strong bite.
In addition, Placoderm could open his mouth very quickly, in just 1 / 50 sec, which creates a strong suction force, and may attract prey into its mouth. Typically, the fish only has a strong bite bite or jaw capability of rapid, Placoderm have both.
"The most interesting part of this work for me is finding that the armored fish has the ability to open and close the jaw with a fast and strong," said Mark Westneat, Curator of Fish at The Field Museum.
"This is possible because of the unique engineering design of the skull and different muscles used to open and close and it made this fish into one of the true predator of the first peak seen in the vertebrate fossil record"
Strong bite of the Dunkleosteus possible to take other Placoderm, ammonoids, molluscs, or other arthropods. "Dunkleosteus able to devour anything in its environment," said Philip Anderson, at the Department of Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago.
Sharks, which is a descendant of Placoderm, has a sharp jaw is capable of splitting the prey is larger than his mouth had just emerged 100 million years later.
"Overall, this study shows how useful mechanical engineering theory can study the behavior of fossil animals," added Anderson.
"We can not really see the animals hunted or interact, but we can understand the various behaviors they might do by studying the parts of the fossils are formed and connected to each other."
There are some women who are less experienced men face a braggart? Even they do not realize when they are being lied to.
Perhaps some examples of this can make you recognize them deeper. Until of course, can survive the trap they are lying.
1. When he was telling his lies as he sat in a chair pay attention. Normally he would put his foot on a chair or table leg. Like trying to hold something. For according to body language expert Janine Driver will tend to show a man lying rigid attitude. "It indicates he was taking control of himself for telling the truth" added Driver.
2. Suddenly she hid her palm. By folding his hands, or hide it in your pocket, or suddenly holding the phone, can also suddenly occupying the palm of his hand. "For show palm of the hand shows the comfort and openness. So when he's lying, will instinctively feel the need to hide it," says Patti Wood, author of Success Manual to Read Body Language.
3. When you talk to him often raise one or both shoulders. For Drivers add more if men shrug their shoulders when it declared that definitive statements like "I do not go out with him" it was a sign he's lying. Why, with a shrug he's like canceling ketidakbenarannya, function the same when he crossed his fingers behind his back.
4. The sign they lie is to use a finger to rub just below his nose. According to Wood this way usually used him to cover his mouth when he speaks. "This method is usually used a man who does not like to lie so that when he lied to touch his mouth as if he could not believe what she was saying" added Wood. So women, beware.
Octopus-tiny octopus is a descendant of the Caribbean octopus, Octopus vulgaris, which was acquired by the Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, in January.
As soon as the octopus moved to the aquarium, biologists Richard Ross writes in Advanced Aquarist that parent-octopus octopus little surprised everyone with her eggs. 3 weeks later, the eggs hatch, change the octopus tank to 'snowball' baby octopus or paralarva.
Each baby octopus has a length of 0.04 inch (1-2 mm). They were fed in the form of brine shrimp and zooplankton. Unfortunately, Ross wrote, octopus paralarva it difficult to keep alive in captivity, although many who survived to 26 days.
This story has a sad ending for the mother. He was a hunger strike after the spawn, then die after thousands of eggs hatch. Ross told LiveScience that the mother lived about two weeks after the larval-larvae emerge.
Here's the video:
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